In a historic and sweeping advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the United Nations' highest court, has ruled that all countries are legally obligated under international law to address climate change and curb greenhouse gas emissions. The court found that failing to act on climate change could violate international law and that countries—especially wealthy and major polluters—may be held liable for damages and reparations to nations most affected by climate impacts. The ruling affirms that a healthy environment is a human right and that climate obligations stem from both treaties and customary international law, regardless of Paris Agreement membership. This landmark decision was prompted by a campaign led by Pacific Island nations, notably Vanuatu, and is expected to influence global climate litigation and accountability. The ICJ's opinion marks a turning point, signaling the end of climate impunity and empowering vulnerable nations to seek justice.
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